INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

The poliomyelitis eradication strategies by the use of the oral polio

vaccine administration had became a multi decade trend. The people

are tied and bother which was being used in order to eradicate

poliomyelitis prevailing incidence in the communities.

As a national issue going on in collaboration the World Health

Organization international private non-governmental agencies and the

other voluntary world donors of varying disciplines to accomplish the

objective.

In Nigeria and other countries of Africa World Health Organisation

(WHO) (1977) the global polio eradication initiative had identified 10

global priority countries that require particularly intense and sustain

efforts to interrupt poliomyelitis transmission by the use of the Oral

Poliomyelitis Vaccination (OPV). In 2002 there were discovered clusters

and multiple pockets of polio virus in Angola refugees in western

Zambia. As the result of wars that had not been reached due to

migration with increased population movement in western Zambia. In

the Democratic Republic of Congo where many clusters of polio virus

was discovered in the subsequent years reinforce the need for a

sustained regional efforts to eradicate the wild polio virus transmission.

In 2001 the WHO reported that 57 cases discovered confirmed in

disease surveillance and notification exercises in the 17 states of Nigeria

the World Health Organization (WHO) had assisted the country Nigeria

in order to establish an effective surveillance system for Acute Flaccid

Paralysis (AFP) which lead to the provision of the accredited National

Laboratories at Ibadan and Maiduguri to support the Nigeria polio

eradication initiative surveillance system to monitor the polio virus

prevalence.

The respective membership to accomplish the goal of PEI (Polio

Eradication Initiative) partners the WHO UNICEF (United Nations

International Children Emergency Fund) Partnership Involving Routine

Immunization in Nigeria (PRIINN) and others have reiterated that they

have gone too far not to reach the goal of polio free world” that they

owe it to future generation to finish the job.

In 2002 the former Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo has

lamented showing that reaching every child regardless of where he was

remains virtually important to breaking the transmission of the wild polio

virus the agent of poliomyelitis when a joint league of nation will be

satisfied for polio free in 2005. In 2002 a sub national immunization

implementation was carried out in 39 municipalities in the country.

Approximately 66% of the total target population the 0-59 months was

selected based on the predefined epidemiological criteria.

Babangida the former Nigeria President in 2001 overview poliomyelitis

virus eradication other than in developed country where emphasis on

environmental health services than in regard to National Immunization

Days (NIDS) Acute Surveillance or Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) by ward

level coverage conducted in African regions describe the outstanding

constraints with proposed potential resources in order to prepare for the

solution.

The African regions reports the Oral Polio Vaccine) coverage rate with 3

doses of oral polio vaccine to each of the target children have generally

been stagnant instead there were so many reported cases of rejection

0 doses hard to reach areas of the target population.

In 2003 by the idea of ward level house to house method employed the

2 drops 3 courses of Oral Polio Vaccination (OPV) National

Immunization Days (NIDS). The prevalence rate was decrease from

51% to 30% as the result of improved environmental health services

supplemented during the period of the environmental health sanitation

advocated by the President in the federation which was affected by the

supply of portable water for the communities.

Majority of the household depend on the average 2-3 water litres per

day per head irrespective of the water sources as lakes ponds

streams with associated sorts of contamination for the house use.

This potentially is responsible for the explosive faucal oral infections

transmission and diseases outbreaks in the community. In the dry

season is the peaked period of water scarcity which was the period the

people have no choice of the source of water for consumption and the

household works.

Physiological Factors Associated with Poliomyelitis

Professional Guide to Diseases page 242 indicated poliomyelitis as

infantile disease and paralysis an acute communicable disease which is

caused by a polio virus. It ranges in severity from in apparent infection

to fatal paralytic illness. It was first recognized in 1840 epidemic in

Norway and Sweden 1905. The outbreak reach pandemic in Europe

north America Australia and Netherland during the 1st half of the

century early 1950 which necessitated to the development of vaccine

1950.

The disease usually strikes during the summer period against the

vulnerable group aged 0-59 months even though both adults and all

genders are developing the infection.

If the Central Nerves System (CNS) is spared the prognosis recovery is

excellent. The disease invades the nervous tissues leading to paralysis

and death.

Factor associated to the acquiring the disease were fatigue trauma

(following unsafe injection trauma tooth extraction tonsillectomy

following septic procedure apply in medical or local surgeries in hospital

and the households respectively. The virus is of 3 genotypes. It

includes type I type II and type III. It occasionally use to occur as a

mixed infections.

Medical Management

Poliomyelitis is control by good personal health water and food hygiene

provision of accessible toilet waste sanitary disposal and early child

immunization.

Meanwhile immunization is the only restricted method of eradication

recognized by the policy members for polio eradication. The diagnosis

of polio infected people is based on sign and symptoms exhibited by

patient no antibiotic for treatment of virus infection. No prophylaxis no

massive chemotherapy is available once the infection has set in. people

believe that it is caused by a devil.

Statement of the Problem

1) The persistent incidence of the wild polio virus infection in

Bungudu it continue to reoccur over the period of 10 years

despite the numerous attempts made to improve the status of

routine immunization NIDs and other special methods of use in

vaccine inoculation to the larger population.

2) There are so many challenges that faces the process of

immunization in health delivery power failure necessary in cold

chain management.

3) Significance numbers of areas in the areas are difficult to reach –

expensive welfare for teams vaccine transportation vaccine

preservation and administration.

4) The people still have not fully accepted the idea of polio

immunization there are many cases of vaccine rejection missed

doses unattended revisited houses as the results of lordship

involves in the strategies and the lower quality team morale.

Purpose of the Study

● To identify those factors that lead to high prevalence of polio

disease in the area.

● To corrects the bad health practices of the community and to

reduce the rate of the polio incidence.

● To improve the environmental health services of the community as

a supplementary idea so as to complement the idea of oral polio

vaccination.

Significance of the Study

● The study project work will be of value to the Ministry of Health

Department of Public Health.

● It serves for making reference for students in health institution and

the other co learners in the educational fields.

Research Questions

1) What are the source of water of the people of Bungudu?

2) What ways do people in the area dispose their wastes’?

3) What is the level of exposure to vaccine amongst the people of

Bungudu?

Scope of the Study

This is to assess the quality of the environmental care in Bungudu of

state condition and not in any other area.

The study is designed to find out the source of water supply and the

manner of their sewage disposal and their level of exposure to oral polio

vaccine (OPV) and not in other area.